Some cultures also used toes, spaces between fingers, and knuckles for counting. Even today people learning to count or who want to illustrate a point about counting in conversation often use fingers. Ten is a common number to use for counting because people have ten fingers, and body parts were often used for counting historically.
It is a base-10 system, meaning that it is based on multiples of ten and that it uses ten symbols to represent all numbers. It was further modified and widely adopted around the world because of European trade and colonization.
In the Middle Ages, it spread to the Western world through commerce, to replace the Roman numeral system. It was originally developed in India and improved by the Persian and Arab mathematicians. The Hindu-Arabic numeral system is one of the most widely used in the world today. The originally written representations of numbers through symbols evolved independently, but once trade across countries and continents became widespread, people learned and borrowed from each other and the number systems currently in use were created through collective knowledge. It is believed by some researchers that the concept of number was created independently in different regions. There are several ways of expressing numbers in numeric systems. Numbers have been used from ancient times, first in the form of tally marks - scratches on wood or bone, and then as more abstract systems. A number is an abstract mathematical concept representing a quantity.
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